See what a high band reads like.

P1The proposition that improving human lives should be the paramount aim of scientific inquiry is superficially persuasive but ultimately too narrow. I disagree with the statement as an absolute claim, arguing instead that the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake is intrinsically valuable and, paradoxically, often the engine behind the greatest practical advances.

P2Applied science, the deliberate targeting of research at defined human problems, has undeniably delivered transformative outcomes. Vaccine development, water purification, renewable energy engineering, and evidence-based medicine all represent science oriented explicitly towards human welfare. No serious thinker would dismiss the moral weight of these achievements.

P3However, much of the foundational knowledge underpinning such breakthroughs emerged from research with no immediate practical intent. Quantum mechanics was developed as a theoretical endeavour to describe sub-atomic behaviour; its practical implications in semiconductors, computing, and medical imaging were unimagined at the time of its formulation. Similarly, research into the genetic structure of bacteria, motivated purely by curiosity about molecular biology, later provided the intellectual scaffolding for CRISPR-based gene editing. When institutions demand that science justify itself exclusively through near-term human benefit, they risk defunding precisely the exploratory work that generates future revolutions.